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肝细胞癌的免疫细胞治疗研究进展

发表于:2022-10-22 15:30:04 来源:网友投稿

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+r&yڊbh|{z%'+rv'设计采用一个或两个共刺激信号域,提高了体内转染T细胞的作用范围和持久性。第四代“装甲”CAR-T细胞额外表达细胞因子或共刺激配体,其目的是增强CAR-T细胞的扩增和寿命[14]。CAR-T细胞可识别肿瘤相关抗原,清除肿瘤细胞不受MHC的限制。最新的研究发现了一种新型CAR-T结构,使常规CAR-T可以表达白细胞介素-7(IL-7)和CCL19两种趋化因子,IL-7能够促进T细胞存活和增殖,CCL19能够促进T细胞迁移,这种新型7×19 CAR-T可以有效增强CAR-T以及机体自身T细胞的抗实体瘤活性,对于常规CAR-T几乎无效的实体瘤,这种新一代CAR-T也能实现肿瘤的完全消除[15]。这一研究显示[15],CAR-T细胞不仅可以直接发挥抗癌作用,也可以作为细胞载体,将免疫调节分子传递到肿瘤微环境,从而在体内触发、增强和维持抗肿瘤免疫反應。

选择一个合适的CAR-T细胞抗原是免疫治疗获得成功的不可或缺的条件。磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(glypican 3,GPC3)在HCC组织细胞膜和细胞浆均有表达,在癌旁组织不表达或低表达,且与不良预后相关[16]。Jiang等[17]利用HCC患者的肿瘤组织,建立了小鼠移植瘤模型,采用靶向GPC3的CAR-T细胞治疗后发现,高表达GPC3的移植瘤都被根除,而GPC3表达水平相对较低的肿瘤生长得到有效抑制,提示靶向GPC3的CAR-T细胞可以有效消除GPC3阳性HCC细胞。甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)在HCC中高表达,被认为是另一种潜在的TAA,AFP会在细胞内被降解为肽段,并由MHC Ⅰ类抗原递呈到肿瘤细胞表面。Liu等[18]根据这一特性,开发出新型CAR结构,ET1402L1-CAR(AFP-CAR),这种CAR可以识别AFP-MHC复合物,能够有效抑制HCC移植瘤生长。最新的一项Ⅰ期临床研究,应用了靶向CD133的CAR-T细胞(CART-133),发现应用CART-133治疗CD133阳性和晚期转移的HCC患者稳定生存时间延长,部分患者疾病得到缓解[19]。这些发现为CAR-T细胞治疗的靶向抗原选择提供了新的思路。脱靶效应是CAR-T治疗的缺点之一,最新的研究发现,敲除CAR-T细胞的程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)基因,能够增强CAR-T细胞的抗HCC作用,这一研究提示,未来可以将CAR-T细胞与免疫检查点阻断相结合,提高CAR-T治疗的有效性[20]。

虽然现在已经有很多关于CAR-T细胞治疗HCC的临床试验(表1),但是到目前为止大多数都尚未完成,CAR-T细胞在HCC治疗方面还面临着巨大的挑战,其局限性包括缺乏合适的TAA、细胞因子风暴、T细胞归巢效率低下、无法区分表达相应抗原的肿瘤细胞和正常细胞、免疫逃逸造成的脱靶效应、长期安全性未知等,有待进一步研究。

2.3.2 TCR-T细胞治疗  T细胞受体修饰的T细胞(T cell receptor-modified T cells,TCR-T),是利用基因工程技术,将针对肿瘤特异性抗原的受体导入T细胞,然后回输到患者体内,使患者T细胞表达抗原特异性TCR,从而发挥效应T细胞功能,这种TCR-T细胞能够表达肿瘤特异性抗原受体,因而能够特异性的识别靶细胞[21]。

Spear等[22]构建了一种HCV1406 TCR-T细胞,这种TCR-T细胞能够使HCV阳性的HCC肿瘤消退,提示HCV TCR-T细胞可能是治疗HCV阳性HCC肿瘤的一种有效疗法。最新的研究发现了一种新的靶向AFP的TCR-T细胞,这种细胞特异性识别HLA-A2+AFP+HepG2细胞并产生效应细胞因子,而且对体外培养的正常原代肝细胞没有明显毒性,用这种AFP特异性TCR-T细胞治疗可以根除NSG小鼠中的HepG2移植瘤[23]。这些研究均显示,TCR-T细胞在HCC治疗中有巨大的潜力,相关的临床试验也正在进行。见表1。

TCR-T细胞治疗也存在许多问题,可能造成脱靶效应、细胞因子风暴等,因此,如何有针对性地对TCR-T细胞进行改造,使其更加安全有效地发挥抗肿瘤活性,是需要进一步研究的问题。

3 结语

免疫细胞治疗作为新型的治疗手段,在HCC治疗中发挥了巨大的潜力,将其与其他治疗手段如肝切除术、肿瘤消融术、肝动脉化疗栓塞术等联合应用,可以提高疗效,改善机体的免疫功能,对于应用其他治疗手段无效的患者,可以选择免疫细胞治疗来增强疗效。基因修饰的HCC特异性免疫细胞治疗作为最新的免疫细胞疗法,在HCC的治疗中受到了密切关注,有可能在HCC的免疫治疗中发挥重要作用。但是免疫细胞治疗依然存在着许多问题,缺乏标准化免疫细胞分离培养方案和治疗方案、安全性等问题都是制约免疫细胞治疗向临床转化的瓶颈。如何将免疫细胞治疗与現有的治疗有机结合,如何改善HCC的肿瘤微环境,如何将免疫细胞技术与免疫检查点阻断技术相结合等,是未来HCC免疫细胞治疗的研究方向。

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(收稿日期:2019-09-13  本文編辑:顾家毓)

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